A tiny wild feline native to the cloud forests of Bolivia has been recognized as a previously unidentified species, marking the first instance of a newly named and described cat species in over a hundred years. Referred to as Tilcayo by locals, this cat belongs to the tiger cat group found widely across South America. It was discovered in the lush Yungas forest of Bolivia, characterized by cloud-covered mountains and high humidity, measuring approximately 46 centimeters in length and weighing around three pounds, making it smaller than the average house cat.
Through genetic analysis, researchers have confirmed the cat as a distinct species and named it Leopardus tilcayo while retaining its local designation. According to Paola Nogales Ascarrunz, a National Geographic explorer involved in the study, the cat’s fur is light brown with irregular rosettes on its body. Limited information is available about the cat’s behavior and diet, with evidence suggesting a preference for small rodents and nocturnal activity.
Tiger cats are considered cryptic species, challenging to differentiate based solely on appearance, as noted by evolutionary biologist Jonas Lescroart, a co-lead author of the study. Previous beliefs considered tiger cats a single species, but recent genetic studies have revealed five distinct species within this group. The newly identified Bolivian cat, Tilcayo, has been found in only two live individuals so far, prompting further research and conservation efforts.
The discovery of this new species highlights the importance of biodiversity conservation, especially in threatened ecosystems like the Yungas region. Human activities such as deforestation, agriculture expansion, fires, and mining pose significant risks to these habitats. By raising awareness of undiscovered species like Tilcayo, researchers aim to emphasize the urgent need for conservation and protection measures to safeguard these unique feline species and their habitats.