2025 concluded with the Canadian government once again facing legal battles with Indigenous communities over providing essential services to Indigenous children. In December 2024, the Trudeau government initiated a court challenge against the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal to contest a legal order related to the Jordan’s Principle initiative. A year later, in December 2025, the Carney government lost a significant case at the Federal Court of Appeal concerning Jordan’s Principle, reinforcing Ottawa’s legal responsibilities.
Throughout the year, there were notable developments in Indigenous politics. The ongoing dispute over the Jordan’s Principle program persisted, with Indigenous Services Canada implementing a controversial operational bulletin that restricted funding for eligible services. This led to disruptions in essential programs, such as a suicide-prevention initiative in the Cree community of Kashechewan and funding cuts for education for an autistic child in southern Ontario.
Several individuals challenged their denials under Jordan’s Principle and succeeded in court, including First Nations grandmother Joanne Powless. The focus of the ongoing battle has shifted towards the on-reserve child welfare system.
In the political landscape, newly elected Prime Minister Mark Carney introduced significant changes that garnered mixed reactions from Indigenous leaders. Concerns were raised over potential pipeline projects and the need for meaningful consultation with Indigenous nations. The government organized summits to address these concerns, but frustrations mounted over the perceived lack of consultation on major projects.
In another significant ruling, the Cowichan Tribes were granted Aboriginal title to land in Richmond after a lengthy legal battle. This decision raised questions about the coexistence of Aboriginal title and private property rights in Canadian law, with appeals pending.
Additionally, a complex civil trial involving Métis leaders concluded with the Manitoba Métis Federation emerging victorious. The trial revealed allegations of financial mismanagement within the Métis National Council and ended with the court ruling in favor of the Manitoba federation.